Saline Instillation Down The Endotracheal Tube - 1533 Words

ABSTRACT Saline instillation down the endotracheal tube or tracheotomy to aid in secretion removal is a common practice in the intensive care unit (ICU). Normal saline instillation is used to decrease the viscosity of mucous in order to mobilize secretions and aid in suctioning mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care units. Many respiratory therapists and nurses are currently using saline with endotracheal suctioning without an adequate knowledge of any existing evidence-based research or recommendation to guide the practice. The purpose of this study was to investigate and determine whether saline instillation for bronchial hygiene was beneficial or harmful to the patients and to provide evidence-based guidelines to be followed by healthcare providers in the intensive care units. This is a comprehensive review from the already researched articles on the use of saline instillation down the endotracheal tube for the purpose of mobilizing secretions and suctioning mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care units (ICU). Databases such as PUBMED, Google Scholar, and Medline were utilized for the review of literature. Keywords: Normal saline, Endotracheal, Tracheostomy, ARDS, Meconium Aspiration, Pneumonia, VAP, Bronchiolitis, Chest Physiotherapy, Intubated, Mechanical ventilation, Bronchoscopy, Bronchoalveolar Lavage INTRODUCTION This paper examines the practice and the usage of endotracheal normal saline instillation prior to suctioning in order toShow MoreRelatedVentilator Associated Pneumonia7706 Words   |  31 PagesClinical Pulmonary Infection Score and the data were collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire and practice questionnaire. Sample and sampling technique: Study samples includes, patients put on mechanical ventilator either through endotracheal tube or tracheostomy for minimum duratio n of 48 hours of intubation in the ICUs and staff nurses working in ICUs and Emergency, using convience sampling technique. Result: The results of the study revealed that out of 8 mechanically ventilated

The Fallacy Of Public Education - 1580 Words

The Fallacy of Public Education â€Å"Do not train a child to learn by force or harshness; but direct them to it by what amuses their minds, so that you may be better able to discover with accuracy the peculiar bent of the genius of each.† -Plato For the last several decades, there has been a great return to homeschooling. Many families have seen the need to remove their children from the public education system for a variety of reasons: for religious grounds, because of a decline of morals in the public system, or to give their children an education where they are not held back from reaching their potential. When homeschooling, a child can work at their own pace – often learning 2 years or more of material in one year and allowing them to fully explore topics that interest them. Their intellectual curiosity can be fulfilled and they can be the best they can possibly be. Students in the public school system are subjected to teaching that is repetitive, biased, and falls short of academic success. In the past, students that were failing coursework, but were getting older, were pushed on to higher grades even though they were not ready for the more advanced coursework. In the 1980’s there was a great number of gra duates who could not even read. How can the proponents of the public education system even make claims that to be successful today, children need to attend their institutions? Today’s formal, public educational system of schooling is not necessary because it is a systemShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of the Rhetorical Elements of Political Campaign Advertisements 1067 Words   |  5 Pagesinformal fallacies utilized to gain support for one of the candidates or misguide the public about the opposing candidate. Presidential candidate Barack Obama who belongs to the Democratic Party broadcasted the first commercial we will analyze, the title is â€Å"Seven† referring to the seven houses his opponent John McCain owns; Barack Obama tries to engage pathos which refers to the audience of the message (Ramage et Al. 2012) utilizing a form of fallacy known as â€Å"appeal to pity†, this fallacy tries toRead MoreSchool Uniforms are a Terrible Idea984 Words   |  4 Pagesthan regular clothing then every uniform must cost more than regular clothing. She/he commits the logical fallacy of false analogy. My school uniform only cost me around twenty dollars when a t-shirt from a store like forever21 cost me thirty-four dollar. She then claims that if every student was required to pay as much as her/his brother then many students would not be able to afford an education and concludes that uniforms are a very bad idea. But this based on the assumption that because his/herRead MoreEmbryonic R esearch1080 Words   |  5 Pagesembryonic research stirs up public attention on its morality. Society questions if these methods are morally right. Do they violate the meaning of personhood and life? Do we kill a human when we research the embryos? These questions are asking our foundation of morality. We must be cautious and avoid any logical fallacies when we answer them. Using logical fallacies to discuss these profound questions on our moral standard undermines the moral standard itself. To avoid fallacies, we ask for the opinionsRead Moreshould everyone go to college?1533 Words   |  7 PagesStudent Go to College? Now a days there’s a lot of pressure for high school graduates to further their education by attending college. Hard evidence states that more high school graduates attend college immediately after graduation compared to any other generation. However, college may seem more of a challenge to some rather than others whom may â€Å"need† vocational school. Getting an education is important but some say college isn’t for everyone. In the article â€Å"What’s Wrong with Vocational SchoolRead MoreThe Fallacies of Sterotyping Essay558 Words   |  3 Pagesexperience stereotypes, whether the stereotype is directed at them or they are the one with the stereotype. While stereotypes can assist in making logical decisions, the fallacies of stereotyping will influence us all unconsciously, can leave people with negative lingering effects, and also misrepresent the individual. The fallacies of stereotyping will mislead people due to the unconscious influence they have on us. In medicine it is not uncommon to utilize stereotypes that are fact based. An exampleRead MoreEmbryonic Research: A Battle of Fallacies Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesincreases pregnancy rate in infertile women, it comes with the problem. Underlying in vitro fertilization is research on living human embryos. We need to research on countless living embryos in order to develop clinical in vitro fertilization. This stirs public attention on its morality. Society asks: Are we killing thousands of human life while we are developing method to give birth to other ones? This question is crucial because it is asking very foundation of our morality. We need to find the answer whichRead More`` Alien Notion `` By Chip Rowe1246 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Alien Notion† by Chip Rowe was featured in The Playboy Forum in February 2003. In this article Chip Rowe writes about the attempts of cr eationist to bring God into public schools. According to Chip Rowe, after the Supreme Court ruled that teaching biblical creationism in public school is a violation of church and state, creationist have been divided into two groups. One group called â€Å"young earthers† believe a literal interpretation of Genesis in the Bible, while the other group developed a new wayRead MoreDoes Proof Can Be Better Than Others? Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pagesprevious judgments. 5. When evaluating an argument and/or coming to a reasoned judgment, it’s important to be attentive to fallacies of judgment. On pages 182-183, your text identifies a number of fallacies of judgment. Identify three that seem most common, and briefly explain why you feel they are so common. I feel that failure to consider objections would be a common fallacy of judgment. I feel this would be common when coming to a reasoned judgment, if you are wanting your reasoned judgementRead MoreChallenging Robert T. Perrys Critique of Charles Murrays Education1145 Words   |  5 PagesReal Education Is a four-year college really necessary for your desired occupation? Would you feel successful obtaining credentials in vocational training rather than a college degree? How would your parents feel with this choice? Questions like these are debated widely in our society today. In the essay, â€Å"On ‘Real Education’†, Robert T. Perry, the South Dakota Board of Regents director, declares â€Å"we need more, not fewer university and community college graduates† (625). He is responding to the contrastingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Argument : Back Off, Dress Codes1423 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant for the reader to be able to put both their own knowledge and the knowledge presented to them to decide how accurate the writing is. When making a decision about the validity of the authors writing, one must make sure that there are no fallacies, or over uses of appeals. In Karen Mangiacotti’s article â€Å"Back off, Dress Codes. This Is Not Your Call,† Mangiacotti uses significant facts and statements to argue that school dress codes are sexist that ultimately humiliate young women; and by

The Soul Has Bandaged Moments free essay sample

In the opening stanza,images of restriction and confinement greet the reader. Certainly the poem explores, the contrasting highs and lows of the inner life. Image of horror and freight are contrasted with images of fulfilled happiness. Images of inprisoment are contrasted with images of freedom. Yet the poem begins with the figure of fright and ends with figure of horror, suggesting that the soul experiences more anguish then joy. The poem may be read in a number of different, if related ways ; in psychological terms as an exploration of depression and elation ; in spiritual terms as an exploration of hope and despair ; in sexual terms as an exploration of the conflict between freedom and restraint. In stanzas one and two the soul is portrayed as a terrified woman,helpless before the intention of an unwelcome other. The imagery realise heavily on personification as some figure observes her in her moment of weakness. We will write a custom essay sample on The Soul Has Bandaged Moments or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The imagery is deeply sensuous as Fright is described carressing the souls freezing hair. The dashes of the opening lines capture the increasing fear of the soul. The introduction of the lover may suggest the conflicting desires of Lust and Love. Stanzas three and four break free of the atmosphere of threat, dread and claustrophobia that dominates the first two stanzas. Now the images suggest sensuous pleasure, freedom, warmth and fulfilment. Whereas the smilie like a bomb strikes a note of caution, the reference to detonation may also suggest that moment of ultimate fulfilment, the climax of ecstasy. In there verses the souls escape is exuberant. May suggest an intense period of psychological elation. In stanzas five and six the imagery of shackles and staples is striking, and contrast with imagery of fright often used by Dickinson, to denote joy and happiness. There is a strong suggestion that the speaker is restrained, by her own guilt, as the image of the Fellon carries connotation (suggestion) of a criminal abrupt punishment. In this sense the poem concludes with a despairing point of view ; in interior life -psychological, spiritual erotic- is characterised by feelings of oppression and despair, punctuated by periods of respite. The final line states that what has gone before is not brayed of the tongue it may suggest that the subject is not spoken of in public and to do so would be to speak in a way that might be considered rough and uncouth.

Formal Ethics Training in Organizations-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write an Essay on Is Formal Ethics Training In Organizations Merely Cosmetic? Answer: Introduction Ethics training has gained lot of importance since past few decades. Today, most business organizations conduct ethics training programs with an aim of inculcating ethical decision making in the organization culture (Valentine Fleischman, 2004). An ethical culture works as a roadmap for effective employee conduct, and other than ethics training organizations should also develop programs and policies that would ensure permeation of ethical guidance in the organizational culture (Valentine Fleischman, 2004). Ethics training has seen various changes since last decade. Globalization and technological advancements have also contributed in sophistication of the ethics programs. Ethics training programs are formed keeping in mind the decision-making theories and empirical researches which indicate the benefits of such training programs (LeClair Ferrell, 2000). Although, many research studies suggest that ethics training programs are effective in improving ethical-decision making of the e mployees and their conduct. However, it is argued that such ethics training program are merely cosmetic (Warren, Gaspar, Laufer, 2014). The paper aims at studying the effectiveness of ethics training programs by conducting a literature review. A critical review of the available literature suggest that, ethics training programs induce ethical thinking, provided the organization implements policies that facilitate permeation of ethical concepts in organizational culture. Based on the literature review and research findings, the paper argues that ethics training is not cosmetic, and that for long-term effectiveness of the ethics training, organizations must work towards internalization of ethics into the organization value system, through cultural adaptation of ethics. Effectiveness of Ethics Training Organizations adopt formal ethics training programs with a view of reducing unethical behavior. The ethics training program is designed to influence the behavior of employees. Warren, Laufer and Gaspar (2014) conducted a two-year study that assessed the influence of single ethics training session on the ethical behavior of employees (Warren, Gaspar, Laufer, 2014). The study found after first year of training session, employees showed positive effects, and by the second year also they showed signs of ethical behavior, however, after the second year the boost seemed to dissipated, which suggests that, mere ethics trainings are not enough, and cultural adaptation is required. Hence, to inculcate ethical behavior organizations must induce ethics in organizational culture (Warren, Gaspar, Laufer, 2014). A recent study conducted by Muel Kaptein (2014), examines the effects of ethics training programs in organizations. The research study also focuses on the components of the ethics program which induce less unethical behavior in organizations (Kaptein, 2014). The findings of the study suggest that organizations with ethics program face less unethical behavior than organizations with no ethics program (Kaptein, 2014). In this study Kaptein (2014) describes some important functions of ethics training program for the training to be effective (Kaptein, 2014). Firstly, the ethics training program must present a clear idea about the unethical behaviour (Kaptein, 2014). More importantly, the ethics program requires the senior management to be the role model and demonstrate ethical behavior. A successful ethics training program will provide resources for employees to behave ethically and foster a commitment among employees to behave ethically (Kaptein, 2014). A major function of the ethics tr aining program is to reinforce ethical behavior among employees. Hence, based on the findings of the study it is evident that formal ethics training programs are effective in reducing unethical behavior and inducing ethical organizational culture. Similarly, LeClair and Ferrel (2000) restate findings of Joe Murphy (1998) and suggest that an ethics training program which only says correct and ethical things, and only designs a code of ethical conduct, and impressive lectures from senior management and company lawyers, cannot be effective unless it does something substantive to prevent unethical behaviour, and deviations from ethical decisions making (LeClair Ferrell, 2000). The research study argues that ethical training can be effective provided organizations induce an ethical culture (LeClair Ferrell, 2000). The authors base their arguments on the basis of theories behind ethical decision making models, like that of Hunt and Vitell (1986) which suggests that ethical culture is an important component for ethical decision making, and that organizational culture is largely influenced by appropriate ethics training. Need for Effective Ethics Training Globalization and technological changes have changed the way organizations operate and even think, because, today innovation and creativity is key components for organizations to compete and sustain in the competitive markets. LeClair Ferrel emphasize the increasing pressures which require the organizations to undertake initiatives to develop and implement ethics training programs. The study highlights the results of a study undertaken by the society of Chartered Life Underwriters and Chartered Financial Consultants, which states that, around 50% of US employees have accepted committing an unethical behavior related to technology (LeClair Ferrell, 2000). Globalization and technological advancements have changed the traditional work environment and techniques, and currently employees and organizations strive to do more work faster and independently, and hence, there is greater risk of unethical behavior and illegal acts (Kaptein, 2009). Hence, today the characteristics of emerging professionals include perceived right of the professionals to make better choices which take into consideration both means and ends, and include a perceived obligation to provide service which gives very less importance to self-interest (Moore, 2005). Hence, to cope up with the changing demands of the globalization and technology related employee needs organizations are forced to rethink the training programs and redesign them to meet the demands (Kaptein Dalen, 2000). Hence, corporate training programs needs to be transformed from undervalued disciplines to fully integrated training programs (LeClair Ferrell, 2000). Moreover, the strict actions taken by l egal entities against unethical and discriminative behaviors in organizations has also pressurized organizations to include effective ethical training programs that enable employees to engage in ethical-decision making, and ethical behavior. Hence, there is a need for organizations to undertake formal ethics training sessions and ensure effectiveness of the training programs (LeClair Ferrell, 2000). Importance of Ethics Training In a recent international conference on Engaged Management Scholarship conducted in Baltimore (2015), paper presented by Rochelle Price (2015) asserts that ethical behavior the organization can be dramatically increased by conducting formal ethics training, and solidifying corporate culture and leadership (Abrhiem, 2012). Hence, it is evident that effective ethical training fosters ethical organizational culture. Similar findings are observed in a study that investigates interrelation between culture and ethics training (Graham, 2013). The study suggests that organizations face greater ethical problems during financial crisis, and formal ethics training can play a major role in inducing ethical behavior and promote ethical decision-making among employees (Graham, 2013). However, the study also suggests that ethical behavior is largely related to ethical climate and ethical culture of the organization. Formulating a static code of ethics will fetch nothing, and hence, organizations must supplement code of ethics with initiatives like regular trainings and creating an ethical organizational culture (Graham, 2013). Hence, it is evident that ethics training will inculcate an ethical organizational culture and stimulate ethical-decision making practices among employees and managers. It is evident that employees can involve into unethical behaviors during financial crisis, but organizations must understand that good business practice is important than financial bottom line (Graham, 2013). Ethical behavior leads to better corporate governance. Ethical corporate governance results into positive financial performance. Hence, it is evident that ethical training can foster ethical behavior and help organizations to improve financial positions (Graham, 2013). A review of the literature and empirical studies suggest that, formal ethics training is not merely a cosmetic, but it enables organizations to induce ethical organizational culture (Valentine Fleischman, 2004) (Warren, Gaspar, Laufer, 2014). The research studies have suggested that formal ethics training are effective in reducing unethical behavior (Kaptein, 2014), and that the organizations with formal ethics training and better ethics program face less frequent unethical behaviors than organizations without ethical training (Simha Cullen, 2012). It is evident that with the changing business organizations and technologies there is a need for employees to engage in ethical decision making and effective formal ethics training programs will enable organizations to develop ethical organizational culture and promote ethical decision making. Many research studies have argued about the effectiveness of the ethics training programs and have claimed that formal ethics training are effect ive for short-term and in order to make ethics training programs effective, organizations must develop ethical organization culture and achieve internalization of ethics into the organization value system (Warren, Gaspar, Laufer, 2014)(Graham, 2013)(LeClair Ferrell, 2000). The empirical research in the field of ethics training also suggest that, ethics training and ethical organizational culture are interrelated, and organizations must work towards developing better ethics programs to reduce unethical behavior and induce ethics (Kaptein, 2009). Formal ethics training will stimulate better corporate governance and enable organizations to reduce the cost of unethical behavior and improve financial position. Thus, based on research studies, it can be argued that, formal ethics training is not merely cosmetic. If Formal Ethics Training is Cosmetic In absence of an effective ethics training program, organizations will face more frequent unethical behavior and decision making. The organizations will face the costs of such behavior and it will be reflected in their financial performance. A study conducted by Jin, Drozdenko and Deloughy (2013) asserts that financial organizations that induce ethical decision-making and have fostered ethical organizational culture, achieve higher profits (Jin, Drozdenko, Deloughy, 2013). Also, Chan and Cheung (2011) by investigating the financial performance of organizations concluded that positive financial performance can be achieved as a result of better corporate governance (Chan Cheung, 2011). The study also highlights that corporate governance and ethical sensitivity are interrelated. The research studies suggest those organizations that engage in unethical practices and behavior dramatically increases the operational, marketing and other costs to organizations (Nelson, Weeks, Campfield, 2008). The organizations facing ethical conflicts suffer direct, indirect and long-terms cost (Graham, 2013). A major issue facing the effects of unethical behavior is the stress arising from ethical conflicts, which highly affects the morale of the employees, which finally leads to increased employee turnover, and burnout. Hence, lack of ethics training and ethical behavior will enable organizations to face the cost and hassles of frequent recruitment. Research studies also suggest that unethical climate and behavior and lack of ethical culture lead to lower job satisfaction among employees and also hinder the employee organizational commitment. Moreover, ethical behavior and culture is also directly related to empowerment and motivation of employees (Singh, 2011). Thus, unethical organizational practices will affect the overall governance of the organization, and the organization will face several short-term and long-term costs. Hence, if ethics training programs were cosmetic, they would not be effective in fostering ethical organizational culture and better corporate governance. Hence, merely cosmetic ethics training programs will affect the financial performance and organizations will face various employee attitude and productivity issues, which will lead to lower productivity and lower profits. The findings from research studies emphasize that merely cosmetic ethics training program will add to the various other costs to organ ization. Conclusion The paper concludes that formal ethics training is not merely cosmetic, but has tremendous effects on business organizations. The findings from the review of literature are utilized to support the argument and conclusion. The findings suggest that effective formal ethics training programs will enable organizations to develop ethical organizational culture and promote ethical decision making. Ethical organizations lead to better corporate governance which enables organizations to improve their financial performance and encourages employees organizational commitment. However, had it been that, ethics training programs were merely cosmetic, they would have added to the various costs to organization which would reflect lower financial performance and productivity. Hence, the paper suggests that, organizations today, must engage in designing and implementing effective ethics training programs. References Abrhiem, T. (2012). Ethical leadership: Keeping values in business cultures. Business and Management Review , 2 (7), 11-19. Chan, A., Cheung, H. Y. (2011). Cultural dimensions, ethical sensitivity, and corporate governance. Journal of Bauiness Ethics , 110 (2), 45-59. Graham, J. (2013). The Role of Corporate Culture in Business Ethics. Conference: Management Challenges in the 21st Century,. Bratislava, Slovakia. Jin, K. G., Drozdenko, R., Deloughy, S. (2013). The role of corporate value clusters in ethics, social responsibility, and performance: A study of financial professionals and implications for the financial meltdown. Journal of Business Ethics , 112 (1), 15-24. Kaptein, M. (2014). The Effectiveness of Ethics Programs: The Role of Scope, Composition, and Sequence. Journal of Business Ethics , 132, 415-431. Kaptein, M. (2009). The Ethics of Organizations: A Longitudinal Study of the U.S. Working Population. Journal of Business Ethics , 92 (4), 601-618. Kaptein, M., Dalen, J. V. (2000). The Empirical Assessment of Corporate Ethics: A Case Study. Journal of Business Ethics , 24 (2), 95-114. LeClair, D., Ferrell, L. (2000). Innovation in Experiential Business Ethics Training. ournal of Business Ethics , 23 (3), 313-322. Moore, G. (2005). Corporate character: Modern virtue ethics and the virtuous corporation. Business Ethics Quarterly. , 15 (4), 659-685. Nelson, W., Weeks, W. B., Campfield, J. M. (2008). The organizational costs of ethical conflicts. Journal of Healthcare Management , 53 (1), 41-52. Price, R. (2015). Ethica; Behavior Within an Organization Can Be Increased with Ehical Training and a Solid Corporate Culture But Engrained by Ethical Leadership. 5th International Conference on Engaged Management Scholarship, (pp. 1-13). Baltimore. Simha, A., Cullen, J. B. (2012). Ethical climates and their effects on organizational outcomes: Implications from the past and prophecies for the future. Academy of Management Perspectives , 26 (4), 20-34. Singh, J. (2011). Determinants of the effectiveness of corporate codes of ethics: An empirical study. Journal of Business Ethics , 101 (3), 385-395. Valentine, S., Fleischman, G. (2004). Ethics Training and Businessperson's Perceptions of Organizational Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics , 52 (4), 391-400. Warren, D., Gaspar, J., Laufer, W. (2014). Is Formal Ethics Training Merely Cosmetic? A Study of Ethics Training and Ethical Organizational Culture. Business Ethics Quarterly , 24 (1), 85-117.